Molecular markers are tools used in biological research to identify specific sequences of DNA or proteins that are associated with particular traits or diseases. These markers are used in fields such as genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics to study the genetic diversity, evolutionary relationships, and genetic mapping of organisms. Molecular markers can be used to trace the inheritance of genes, track the spread of diseases, and identify individuals or populations with specific genetic characteristics. These markers are typically identified through techniques such as PCR, DNA sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis.